Peoples Republic of China Facts and History

The history of China reaches back over 4,000 years. In that time, China has created a culture rich in philosophy and the arts. China has seen the invention of amazing technologies such as silk, paper, gunpowder, and many other products. Over the millennia, China has fought hundreds of wars. It has conquered its neighbors, and been conquered by them in turn. Early Chinese explorers such as Admiral Zheng He sailed all the way to Africa; today, Chinas space program continues this tradition of exploration. This snapshot of the Peoples Republic of China today includes a necessarily brief scan of Chinas ancient heritage. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Beijing, population 11 million. Major Cities: Shanghai, population 15 million. Shenzhen, population 12 million. Guangzhou, population 7 million. Hong Kong, population 7 million. Dongguan, population 6.5 million. Tianjin, population 5 million. Government The Peoples Republic of China is a socialist republic ruled by a single party, the Communist Party of China. Power in the Peoples Republic is divided between the National Peoples Congress (NPC), the President, and the State Council. The NPC is the single legislative body, whose members are selected by the Communist Party. The State Council, headed by the Premier, is the administrative branch. The Peoples Liberation Army also wields considerable political power. The current President of China and General Secretary of the Communist Party is Xi Jinping. The Premier is Li Keqiang. Official Language The official language of the PRC is Mandarin, a tonal language in the Sino-Tibetan family. Within China, however, only about 53 percent of the population can communicate in Standard Mandarin. Other important languages in China include Wu, with 77 million speakers; Min, with 60 million; Cantonese, 56 million speakers; Jin, 45 million speakers; Xiang, 36 million; Hakka, 34 million; Gan, 29 million; Uighur, 7.4 million; Tibetan, 5.3 million; Hui, 3.2 million; and Ping, with 2 million speakers. Dozens of minority languages also exist in the PRC, including Kazakh, Miao, Sui, Korean, Lisu, Mongolian, Qiang, and Yi. Population China has the largest population of any country on Earth, with more than 1.35 billion people. The government has long been concerned about population growth  and introduced the One-Child Policy in 1979. Under this policy, families were limited to just one child. Couples who got pregnant for a second time faced forced abortions or sterilization. This policy was loosened in December of 2013 to allow couples to have two children if one or both of the parents were only children themselves. There are exceptions to the policy for ethnic minorities, as well. Rural Han Chinese families also have always been able to have a second child if the first is a girl or has disabilities. Religion Under the communist system, religion has been officially discouraged in China. Actual suppression has varied from one religion to another, and from year to year. Many Chinese are nominally Buddhist and/or Taoist  but dont practice regularly. People who self-identify as Buddhist total about 50 percent, overlapping with the 30 percent who are Taoist. Fourteen percent are atheists, four percent Christians, 1.5 percent Muslims, and tiny percentages are Hindu, Bon, or Falun Gong adherents. Most Chinese Buddhists follow Mahayana or Pure Land Buddhism, with smaller populations of Theravada and Tibetan Buddhists. Geography Chinas area is 9.5 to 9.8 million square kilometers; the discrepancy is due to border disputes with India. In either case, its size is second only to Russia in Asia  and is either third or fourth in the world. China borders 14 countries: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, India, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam. From the worlds tallest mountain to the coast, and the Taklamakan desert to the jungles of Guilin, China includes diverse landforms. The highest point is Mt. Everest (Chomolungma) at 8,850 meters. The lowest is Turpan Pendi, at -154 meters. Climate As a result of its large area and various landforms, China includes climate zones from subarctic to tropical. Chinas northern province of Heilongjiang has average winter temperatures below freezing, with record lows of -30 degrees Celsius. Xinjiang, in the west, can reach nearly 50 degrees. Southern Hainan Island has a tropical monsoon climate. Average temperatures there range only from about 16 degrees Celsius in January to 29 in August. Hainan receives about 200 centimeters (79 inches) of rain annually. The western Taklamakan Desert receives only about 10 centimeters (4 inches) of rain and snow per year. Economy Over the past 25 years, China has had the fastest-growing major economy in the world, with annual growth of more than 10 percent. Nominally a socialist republic, since the 1970s the PRC has remade its economy into a capitalist powerhouse. Industry and agriculture are the largest sectors, producing more than 60 percent of Chinas GDP, and employing over 70 percent of the workforce. China exports $1.2 billion U.S. in consumer electronics, office machinery, and apparel, as well as some agricultural produce each year. The per capita GDP is $2,000. The official poverty rate is 10 percent. Chinas currency is the yuan renminbi. As of March 2014, $1 US 6.126 CNY. History of China Chinese historical records reach back into the realm of legend, 5,000 years ago. It is impossible to cover even the major events of this ancient culture in a short space, but here are some highlights. The first non-mythical dynasty to rule China was the Xia (2200- 1700 BCE), founded by Emperor Yu. It was succeeded by the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE), and then the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE). Historical records are scanty for these ancient dynastic times. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huangdi assumed the throne, conquering neighboring city-states, and unifying China. He founded the Qin Dynasty, which lasted only until 206 BCE. Today, he is best-known for his tomb complex in Xian (formerly Changan), which houses the incredible army of terracotta warriors. Qin Shi Huangs inept heir was overthrown by the army of commoner Liu Bang in 207 BCE. Liu then founded the Han Dynasty, which lasted until 220 CE. In the Han era, China expanded west as far as India, opening trade along what would later become the Silk Road. When the Han Empire collapsed in 220 CE, China was thrown into a period of anarchy and turmoil. For the next four centuries, dozens of kingdoms and fiefdoms competed for power. This era is called the Three Kingdoms, after the three most powerful of the rival realms (Wei, Shu, and Wu), but that is a gross simplification. By 589 CE, the Western branch of the Wei kings had accumulated enough wealth and power to defeat their rivals  and unite China once more. The Sui Dynasty was founded by Wei general Yang Jian  and ruled until 618 CE. It built the legal, governmental, and societal framework for the powerful Tang Empire to follow. The Tang Dynasty was founded by a general called Li Yuan, who had the Sui emperor assassinated in 618. The Tang ruled from 618 to 907 CE, and Chinese art and culture flourished. At the end of the Tang, China descended into chaos again in the 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms period. In 959, a palace guard named Zhao Kuangyin took power and defeated the other small kingdoms. He established the Song Dynasty (960-1279), known for its intricate bureaucracy and Confucian learning. In 1271, the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis) established the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The Mongols subjugated other ethnic groups including the Han Chinese  and eventually were overthrown by the ethnic-Han Ming. China flowered again under the Ming (1368-1644), creating great art and exploring as far as Africa. The final Chinese dynasty, the Qing, ruled from 1644 to 1911, when  the  Last Emperor  was overthrown.  Power struggles between warlords such as Sun Yat-Sen touched off the Chinese Civil War. Although the war was interrupted for a decade by the Japanese invasion and World War II, it picked up again once Japan was defeated. Mao Zedong and the Communist Peoples Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, and China became the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. Chiang Kai Shek, leader of the losing Nationalist forces, fled to Taiwan.

E Markets And E Commerce Activities - 800 Words

Another phenomenon, was regarding the emergence of e-markets. E-markets surfaced to facilitate online commerce activities. Producers and many companies, which act as third party, realized that internet could be used to not only augment sales, through advertisements, but also to directly sell products. E-markets and E-commerce As discussed earlier, the concept of e-market and e-commerce is directly related with internet. The modern technology has not only provided platform where companies can directly engage with customers and advertise their products, but also they can sell products. The statistics below depict the annual increase, from the year 2012 to 2013. As per projections, in the year 2018, the Business to Consumer online sales would reach $2, 356 billion, which shows effective these e-markets are and how high e-commerce activities are (Statistica, 2016). The increased online commerce activity also reveals that the systems, used for online commerce activity, have improved radically. This is considered one of the reasons, why the scale of sales, online, has increased. The most sophisticated and technology-based method are being used to facilitate only transactions and commerce related activities. Digital law Because of the increased role of internet, political-social-economic, states have made digitial laws to regulate affairs online. These laws are primarily meant to keep internet a safer place, from where people could retrieve information, market theirShow MoreRelatedImpact of E-Commerce to Malaysian Economy854 Words   |  4 PagesIMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE MALAYSIAN ECONOMY E-commerce is the new buzz word. With the advent of the Internet, the development of e-commerce in both the developed and developing economies has developed at a rapid pace. 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The Illusion that Money Brings Happiness - 803 Words

Some would say we are slaves to our primal urges, shackled in our endless pursuit of gratification and shaping our very existence around them. We gravitate towards the things in life that bring us pleasure, and recoil from those that cause us pain. People always show a feeling of wanting everything their way, as to wanting something. Just like everything else there are always limits. In order to obtain these things that people believe will bring them happiness, many go over the line. Many believe that with money they can have anything they desire. Though it may be true to an extent, sometimes the desires eventually turn into greed and people lose some of the most valuable things life has to offer. Focusing on the illusion that money brings happiness may have an unexpected turn later down the road. For instance, when someone reflects on how money would change their sense of well-being, they would probably think about spending more time in leisurely pursuits such as traveling abroad. But in reality, they would have to spend a large amount of time working and less time engaged in experienced happiness. Robert H. Frank says in his book Luxury Fever: Money and Happiness in an Era of Excess: â€Å"Even among those who can easily afford today’s luxury offerings, there has been a price to pay. All of us- rich and poor alike, but especially the rich- are spending more time at the office and taking shorter vacations; we are spending less time with our families and friends; and we haveShow MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesScott Fitzgerald’s famous novel, The Great Gatsby, accurately re-creates this time period yet criticizes the changes of societal attitudes and its values that occurred, making Fitzgerald the first â€Å"American writer to write seriously about money and the effects of money on character† (Bruccoli). 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Case Study of Salmah-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: With reference to the case Salmah may have made wrong perception toward her bosss decision. Discuss the possible decision that salmah could take in order to provide her with more accurate perception. Answer: In this case study, ABS Corp has two employees namely Salmah and Ahmed. In the three years that Salmah has worked at ABS, she has obtained the right experience and qualifications for promotion. Further, Salmah has been hardworking, disciplined, and innovative. However, an aspect of gender discrimination is manifest when Ahmed gets promoted by their boss. Salmah deserved the post, but due to discrimination and inequity, a less experienced employee, Ahmed receives salary increment and promotion from their boss. This demotivates Salmah and makes her less careful and innovative since she already forms a negative perception of her boss. Salmah's change from positive to a negative attitude to Ahmed and her boss is not a right decision to undertake. Instead, salmah should consider the following perceptions to the two: Communicate her discomfort and grievance to the boss in a more professional manner that the boss will use the right approach to employee promotion (Hendry, 2012). Salmah should join external professional firms and exploit her potential there. Salmah should seek assistance and advice from a qualified job coacher on how to move to the next level in her career. Salmah should establish informal social network support networks with people who can provide workplace issues insight. Employees motivation is a management concern which contributes to the success or failure of an organization in its daily operations. Employee discrimination demotivates and lowers staff morale (Stainback, Ratliff, Roscigno, 2011). The right strategies should get used by the management when promoting employees regarding positions and salaries increment. References Hendry, C. (2012).Human resource management. Routledge. Stainback, K., Ratliff, T. N., Roscigno, V. J. (2011). The context of workplace sex discrimination: Sex composition, workplace culture and relative power.Social Forces,89(4), 1165-1188.

Reading Topographic Maps Sample Essay Example For Students

Reading Topographic Maps Sample Essay Instruction manuals: Enter the Virtual Lab and gather information to finish your study. Please type your replies. When your lab study is complete. subject it to the Submitted Assignments country of the Virtual Classroom. Part I: Answer the undermentioned inquiries while in the Phase 4 lab environment. Section 1: Analyze the topographic map resembling the country you have been carry oning your field research on. Contour intervals occur every 10 metres. 1. List the lifts of the undermentioned points: 2. Label each point with the appropriate landform or construction utilizing the ushers consulted in this Phase: 3. Which of the three hills ( left. centre. right ) is the highest in lift? 4. What is the highest point of this hill? 5. Which of the three hills ( left. centre. right ) is the lowest in lift? 6. What is the steepest subdivision in the country? Part II: For the undermentioned inquiries. supply your response in short-answer format ( 2–3 sentences each ) . Use this Phase’s activities. lab research. and resources to help you in replying. 7. What are contour lines and disposition ( slope ) . and how do they demo the form of the land on a topographic map? 8. How would this map aid you determine the flood plain? 9. How would this map aid you plan a edifice development? 10. Where would you construct. and why? 11. How would this map aid you plan a route to the development? 12. Where would you construct and route this route. and why?

Writing A Contrast Essay Sample

Writing A Contrast Essay SampleThe contrast essay sample is a good idea to get your point across without doing any repetitive research. A contrast essay sample will help you make the most of what you have learned about the subject by giving you a number of great ideas that you can use in your own writing.It is not a time to repeat what you have learned in class. The best thing to do is to write an essay, outline the lesson you would like to convey, give it a title, and then write and submit it. This will give you enough time to revise again.Good things, though, to keep in mind: research has no place in a contrast essay sample. Your topic must be researched well.It is very important to research the topic well before you start writing. Don't just trust what your teacher tells you because your teacher may be taking you to an English department. Or you may be taking your teacher to an editing class where they may tell you that you can't write an essay on 'pop culture.' Whatever you want to say, you'll need to research it.Writing a contrast essay sample could be a useful way to learn and develop a reputation as an author. You'll learn to hone your skills as an essay writer as well as communicate your ideas in an interesting and concise manner.Not writing, well, your own writing will result in a positive result if your writing has 'wow' factor to it. It will give you a good foundation to start from, and a sense of confidence and self-esteem.So the next time you are thinking of doing a contrast essay sample, remember to keep it simple and very brief. In this way, it will be easier for you to write and follow your own ideas when you are a writer and know your topic.Remember, a contrast essay sample does not have to be boring. You just have to make sure you know what you are writing about before you start.

Al Capone Essays - Five Points Gang, Bootleggers, The Untouchables

Al Capone Essays - Five Points Gang, Bootleggers, The Untouchables Al Capone Al Capone is America's best known gangster and the single greatest symbol of the collapse of law and order in the United States during the 1920s Prohibition era. Capone had a leading role in the illegal activities that lent Chicago its reputation as a lawless city. Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. Baptized Alphonsus Capone, he grew up in a rough neighborhood and was a member of two kid gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors. Although he was bright, Capone quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. Between scams he was a clerk in a candy store, a pinboy in a bowling alley, and a cutter in a book bindery. He became part of the notorious Five Points gang in Manhattan and worked in gangster Frankie Yale's Brooklyn dive, the Harvard Inn, as a bouncer and bartender. While working at the Inn, Capone received his infamous facial scars and the resulting nickname Scarface when he insulted a patron and was attacked by her brother. In 1918, Capone met an Irish girl named Mary Mae Coughlin at a dance. On December 4, 1918, Mae gave birth to their son, Albert Sonny Francis. Capone and Mae married that year on December 30. Capone's first arrest was on a disorderly conduct charge while he was working for Yale. He also murdered two men while in New York, early testimony to his willingness to kill. In accordance with gangland etiquette, no one admitted to hearing or seeing a thing so Capone was never tried for the murders. After Capone hospitalized a rival gang member, Yale sent him to Chicago to wait until things cooled off. Capone arrived in Chicago in 1919 and moved his family into a house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue. Capone went to work for Yale's old mentor, John Torrio. Torrio saw Capone's potential, his combination of physical strength and intelligence, and encouraged his prot g . Soon Capone was helping Torrio manage his bootlegging business. By mid-1922 Capone ranked as Torrio's number two man and eventually became a full partner in the saloons, gambling houses,and brothels. When Torrio was shot by rival gang members and consequently decided to leave Chicago, Capone inherited the outfit and became boss. The outfit's men liked, trusted, and obeyed Capone, calling him The Big Fellow. He quickly proved that he was even better at organization than syndicating and expanding the city's vice industry between 1925 and 1930. Capone controlled speakeasies, bookie joints, gambling houses, brothels, income of $100,000,000 a year. He even acquired a sizable interest in the largest cleaning and dyeing plant chain in Chicago. Although he had been doing business with Capone, the corrupt Chicago mayor William Big Bill Hale Thompson, Jr. decided that Capone was bad for his political image. Thompson hired a new police chief to run Capone out of Chicago. When Capone looked for a new place to live, he quickly discovered that he was unpopular in much of the country. He finally bought an estate at 93 Palm Island, Florida in 1928. Attempts on Capone's life were never successful. He had an extensive spy network in Chicago, from newspaper boys to policemen, so that any plots were quickly discovered. Capone, on the other hand, was skillful at isolating and killing his enemies when they became too powerful. A typical Capone murder consisted of men renting an apartment across the street from the victim's residence and gunning him down when he stepped outside. The operations were quick and complete and Capone always had an alibi. Capone's most notorious killing was the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. On February 14, 1929, four Capone men entered a garage at 2122 N. Clark Street. The building was the main liquor headquarters of bootlegger George Bugs Moran's North Side gang. Because two of Capone's men were dressed as police, the seven men in the garage thought it was a police raid. As a result, they dropped their guns and put their hands against the wall. Using two shotguns and two machine guns, the Capone men fired more than 150 bullets into the victims. Six of the seven killed were members of Moran's gang; the seventh was